(octave.info)Integer Conversions

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14.2.8 Integer Conversions
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This section describes the options for the ‘%d’, ‘%i’, ‘%o’, ‘%u’, ‘%x’,
and ‘%X’ conversion specifications.  These conversions print integers in
various formats.

   The ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversion specifications both print an numeric
argument as a signed decimal number; while ‘%o’, ‘%u’, and ‘%x’ print
the argument as an unsigned octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number
(respectively).  The ‘%X’ conversion specification is just like ‘%x’
except that it uses the characters ‘ABCDEF’ as digits instead of
‘abcdef’.

   The following flags are meaningful:

‘-’
     Left-justify the result in the field (instead of the normal
     right-justification).

‘+’
     For the signed ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversions, print a plus sign if the
     value is positive.

‘ ’
     For the signed ‘%d’ and ‘%i’ conversions, if the result doesn’t
     start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a space character
     instead.  Since the ‘+’ flag ensures that the result includes a
     sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them.

‘#’
     For the ‘%o’ conversion, this forces the leading digit to be ‘0’,
     as if by increasing the precision.  For ‘%x’ or ‘%X’, this prefixes
     a leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’ (respectively) to the result.  This doesn’t
     do anything useful for the ‘%d’, ‘%i’, or ‘%u’ conversions.

‘0’
     Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces.  The zeros are placed
     after any indication of sign or base.  This flag is ignored if the
     ‘-’ flag is also specified, or if a precision is specified.

   If a precision is supplied, it specifies the minimum number of digits
to appear; leading zeros are produced if necessary.  If you don’t
specify a precision, the number is printed with as many digits as it
needs.  If you convert a value of zero with an explicit precision of
zero, then no characters at all are produced.